Essay --

Thomas PedenMr. SchoonWorld History4 December 2013 grievous LifeIn 7th century, quaint Greece a fierce group of warriors called the Spartans were the best in warfare. But life for the Spartans was not easy.As infants their strengths were mental tested. Babies would be bathed in wine rather than water to test their reaction and the belief it will make them strong. If a baby were ill born it would most likely be left on a close hill or used as a slave. If the baby passed the inspection to see if it was healthy, it would be kept to short create a warrior. The babies were taught to not forethought the darkness or solitude, and frequently ignored when crying. At fester seven Spartan males were taken away from family line and put into military barracks, the young soldiers were instructed in scholastics, warfare, bargainth, hunting and athletics. At age 12, recruits were deprived of all clothing except for a red cloak and forced to sleep outside on beds they do by themselves from reeds. To ready them for a life in the field, the boy soldiers were also encouraged to scavenge and even steal their food, though if detected they were punished. Spartans were encouraged to fleck and inflict pain to fellow recruits.At age 20 Spartans had to a difficult test to graduate and become citizens. The soldiers received the aristocratic citizenship. If they failed the test they became centerfield class. Classes were based on accomplishment rather than birth. If the young men passed, they continued to live in the barracks and train as soldiers just now were required to wed to say new young Spartans. The state gave them land, which was tended by slaves. At age 30 the Spartans could finally live with there families, but they still had to train. Finally at age 60 a Spartan ... ...nd peace was maintained.The Lacedaemonians were not content with simply sending aid to Sicily they also obdurate to take the war to the Athenians. The Corinthians, the Spartans, and others in the Peloponnesian League sent more reinforcements to Syracuse, in the hopes of driving aside the Athenians but instead of eviscerateing the Athenians sent another speed of light ships and another 5,000 troops to Sicily. Under Gylippus, the Syracusans and their assort were able to decisively defeat the Athenians on land and Gylippus encouraged the Syracusans to build a navy, which was able to defeat the Athenian fleet when they attempted to withdraw. The Athenian army, attempting to withdraw overland to other, more friendly Sicilian cities, was divided and defeated the good Athenian fleet was destroyed, and virtually the entire Athenian army was sold off into slavery. Essay -- Thomas PedenMr. SchoonWorld History4 December 2013Spartan LifeIn 7th century, Ancient Greece a fierce group of warriors called the Spartans were the best in warfare. But life for the Spartans was not easy.As infants their strengths were tested. Babies would be bathed in wine rather than wat er to test their reaction and the belief it will make them strong. If a baby were ill born it would most likely be left on a nearby hill or used as a slave. If the baby passed the inspection to see if it was healthy, it would be kept to soon become a warrior. The babies were taught to not fear the darkness or solitude, and frequently ignored when crying. At age seven Spartan males were taken away from home and put into military barracks, the young soldiers were instructed in scholastics, warfare, stealth, hunting and athletics. At age 12, recruits were deprived of all clothing except for a red cloak and forced to sleep outside on beds they made by themselves from reeds. To ready them for a life in the field, the boy soldiers were also encouraged to scavenge and even steal their food, though if detected they were punished. Spartans were encouraged to fight and inflict pain to fellow recruits.At age 20 Spartans had to a difficult test to graduate and become citizens. The soldiers rece ived the aristocratic citizenship. If they failed the test they became middle class. Classes were based on accomplishment rather than birth. If the young men passed, they continued to live in the barracks and train as soldiers but were required to wed to produce new young Spartans. The state gave them land, which was tended by slaves. At age 30 the Spartans could finally live with there families, but they still had to train. Finally at age 60 a Spartan ... ...nd peace was maintained.The Lacedaemonians were not content with simply sending aid to Sicily they also resolved to take the war to the Athenians. The Corinthians, the Spartans, and others in the Peloponnesian League sent more reinforcements to Syracuse, in the hopes of driving off the Athenians but instead of withdrawing the Athenians sent another hundred ships and another 5,000 troops to Sicily. Under Gylippus, the Syracusans and their allies were able to decisively defeat the Athenians on land and Gylippus encouraged the Sy racusans to build a navy, which was able to defeat the Athenian fleet when they attempted to withdraw. The Athenian army, attempting to withdraw overland to other, more friendly Sicilian cities, was divided and defeated the entire Athenian fleet was destroyed, and virtually the entire Athenian army was sold off into slavery.

Arthurs Unrealism: Monty Python, Gawain and the Green Knight, and the Destruction of :: Essays Papers

Arthurs Unrealism Monty Python, Gawain and the Green Knight, and the Destruction ofIdealsIt may be that exalteds argon necessary for humanity. Without idealized images, codes of behavior, even idealized objects, mankind would have difficulty functioning. There would be a lack of context or criteria with which to judge objects that may be termed less than ideal. However, the problem with idealized images is that they can never be described fully, and certainly never attained. An example is the contemporary ideal of feminine beauty, which has take to countless problems much(prenominal) as depression and psychological dietary disorders among women who perceive themselves to be inadequate. The more culturally emphasized an ideal is, the more ordinary muckle are made to feel inadequate.This has led to a trend common to all centuries, that of puncturing ideals by showing them to be less than what they are supposed to be. In art and literature we see manifestations of this mechanism. I t is a protective mechanism in a sense, for it prevents total absorption in the ideal, forcing us to see it for what it is, a benchmark and not a realistic goal. Even in the works where men and women achieve the ideal, it is usually accomplished by supernatural means, for a concomitant of the ideal is that it cannot truly exist in the natural and hence imperfect world. Examples of such mechanisms range from the colloquialism out of this world to describe the superlative to the common mythologic pattern of the religious leader being the son of a god.One of the most enduring myths in the Western world is that of Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. Regardless of the origins of the tales, the concomitant is that by the time they had been filtered through a French sensibility and re-exported to England, they were representations of not one but several ideals. Courtly love and chivalry and the various components thereof, such as martial prowess, chastity, bravery, courtesy, and s o on, were presented as the chief virtues to aspire to, and the knights as role models. Arthurs eventual fall is precisely because of having failed at some level to process these ideals in his life.The Arthurian cycle shows a sporadic awareness of the impossibility of mere humans fulfilling all the ideals that Arthur and his court represent. The story of Lancelot and Guenevere, Merlins imprisonment by Nimu, and numerous other instances testify to the recognition of this tension between the real and the unrealistic.

Progression Of Music From The 1940s To The Present Essay -- essays res

Progression of Music From the 1940s To the PresentThe progression of harmony from the 1940s to the present has seen extremes,it has been controversial at times, handed-down at times and inspirational attimes, but never accept the American people turned away music in its entirety.There have been times when parents did not approve of the music that theirchildren chose to listen to, but the parents had never turned away music. Musichas been criticized and promoted. Since the 40s music has progressed fromBallads (which were still lingering around from the 30s) to discolour (popularamong Blacks) to rock and roll, to pop, and back again.     In the 1940s ballads were popular. Ballads were dancable musicperformed by big bands. They were composed of stringed instruments, windinsteruments, and a singer or two. This was the time period when music startedto be broadcasted live over television and record albums were entering the home.(Hays)     The 50 s marked a beginning for a new era of music to be known as Rock & axerophtholRoll. Many of the artists took advantage of the Electric guitar, developed forpopular music in the 1930s but never really became popular until the 50s.Rock & vitamin A Roll was a combination of many music styles in an upbeat sort of fashion.One example of when country had an impact on Rock & Roll was with Bill Haley andJerry Lee Lewis. Jerrys career was huge, with his hits like "Whole LottaShakin goin On" and "Great Balls of Fire". That is, his career was huge,until the it was made public that he fell in love with a married his 13 year oldcousin. In 1957 Rock & Roll had been turned upsidedown when crony Holly hit theairwaves with "Thatll be the Day." Buddy Holly rolled out hit after hit afterhit. That is, until his plane went down in Iowa. He died at the young age of 22.That night his music was playing non-stop and has not stopped playing to thisday.The blues and gospel of Jam es Brown and Jackie Wilson was popular with theblack community. "Someday, maybe someone will discover the source that ChuckBerry, Do Diddley, Fats Domino, and Little Richard never connected with blackaudiences" (25 years,p15). This may be because they might have almost beenembarrassed from their blues roots.     In the 60s such st... ...n the 90s or present day, the synthesizer is still being use in danceand techno music. Also introduced into the 90s was the computer. The computerhas been around a while, but not been used in the music industry. Today justabout anyone can produce their music using this tool. Also metal has becomemore aggressive, popular and contains governmental lyrics. Lite rock has alsodeveloped and has captured the ears of many listeners.Music has progressed from fun to an industry in itself. People can nowearn a financial backing off of music, often luxurious life. Along with the musicprogressing the American people have progresse d. The domain of a function of music continuesto change and may never stop progressing until the world stops progressing.Footnotes25 Years of Rock & Roll ( regular armyLorelei Publishing Co. Inc.,1979)William Hay, Twentieth-Century Views of Music History (USABerneConvention.,1972)Bibliography25 Years of Rock & Roll. USALorelei Publishing Co. Inc.,1979Ewen, David. American Popular Songs. New YorkRandom House, 1966Hay, William. Twentieth-Century Views of Music History. USABerne Convention,1972Wilder, Alec. American Popular Song New YorkOxford University Press, 1972

Identity Theft Essay -- essays research papers

IntroductionThere is currently a huge growing number of criminals that without delay do greater and more widespread damage to their victims without ever meeting them. Identity theft surfaced in the early 1990s and turned peoples everyday transactions into a data gathering game. Bits of personal information such as bordercards, credit card accounts, income, social guarantor numbers or just psyche name, address, and phone numbers are now collected and could be utilise illegally by these individuals without anyones knowledge. The purpose of this study is to investigate what is being through to help control this growing crime in North Carolina. This includes the evaluation of the identity theft policies that the banks in North Carolina have in place. The study act to determine which bank had better and tougher policies as well as whether or not these security policies had helped reduce identity theft complaints in North Carolina since the take care of its origin. Background of t he studyIdentity theft is whereby an individual obtains some piece of an unsuspecting victims sensitive information and uses it without their knowledge to generate fraud or theft. According to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), people whose identities have been stolen can spend months or years and their hard earned gold trying to clean up the mess the thieves have made of their good name and credit record. Some victims have lost job opportunities, been refused loans for education, housing, cars or so far arrested for crimes they didnt commit. According to the FBI statistics, Identity Theft is the fastest growing crime in the U.S.s (Tribune Business News, 2003). Identity theft thieves have perfected the stratagem of collecting information of unsuspecting victims and now all the law enforcement agencies, as well as affected companies, are working hard to find ship canal to combat these issues. There are several ways that identity theft thieves gain access to your personal informa tion. Lost wallets, purses, stolen or lost mail used to be the main source of such private information. Mail, which sometime, includes bank statements, pre-approved credit cards, and tax papers are a source of a large tot up of data. In recent years, many have been known to steal reco... ...g numbers of identity theft cases, since the late nineties, have become a growing annoyance for the law enforcement agency and the community as a whole. Involving the public in this warfare calls for all organizations, banks included, to get tighter policies in place and protect the integrity and security of their customers data. This study will show whether or not the implemented policies in the local banks have helped reduce identity theft cases overall. research Questions and HypothesisTo perform our research study, we attempted to get answers to these questions How do North Carolina bank policies reduce the spread of identity theft? To what extenet are the policies of one bank better than the policies in the others in reducing identity theft occurrence? What role can N.C. bank consumers play in reducing the risk of fair identity theft victims? We hoped that the responses would prove our hypoithesis the banks that have tight security policies in place have less consumer complaints than those that do not. Literature ReviewAs verbalise earlier, the method of data collection was done using a survey

Light, Darkness, and Idolatry in The Damnation of Theron Ware :: Essays Papers

Light, Darkness, and Idolatry in The Damnation of Theron WareIn the first chapter of The Damnation of Theron Ware, Harold Frederic describes in dim detail every sight, sound, and structure comprising the annual Nedahma Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Using images that evoke Dantes Empyrean or Tenth Heaven (Cantos XXX-XXXIII of Paradiso), Frederic remarks upon the hierarchical continuative of the clergy in attendance as well as the tendency of every eye present at the conference to be fixed upon a super acid objective point. Here Dantes and Frederics versions of the saved diverge. Frederics Methodists gaze not at an all-encompassing, all-penetrating light, but at a Bishop whose vision fails him as he reads through a hear of ministers assignments for the coming year. The difference here, as distinct as the light Dante sees, begins Frederics meditation on a major and seemingly unanswerable question in the novel. With Theron as his guinea pig, Frederic systematically po ses the question of where truth originates. The locus of attention of the entire assembly at Tecumseh proclaims nothing of overwhelming truth or even permanence. The light, on the other hand, originates ...from numerous tin-lined circles of flaring gas-jets arranged on the ceiling... (Frederic 1). This light transcends and shines down upon the entire group. Here Frederic sets up the notion that truth comes not from one fact point but from several, some of which we might not be able to see.Dante, remarking on his final vision of the Eternal Light, says, In its profundity I saw--ingathered / and bounce by love into one single volume-- / what, in the universe, seems separate, scattered... (Paradiso XXXIII, 85-87). Setting aside obvious colloquial, linguistic, and stylistic differences which account for the six-hundred years which separate these two authors, the above book of facts bears striking resemblance to the words of another seemingly enlightened character, Father Forbes. He s tates, in his first conversation of length with TheronSo the truth dust always the truth, even though you give a charter to ten hundred thousand separate numskulls to examine it by the light of their private judgment, and cut through that it is as many different varieties of something else (Frederic 70).This assertion that the truth exists beyond the realm of earthly understanding is echoed in Father Forbes final words to Theron, which reverberate equal the sound of the door slammed in the ministers face The truth is always relative, Mr. Ware... (Frederic 326).

Juvenile Court System Essay -- essays research papers

Waiving juvenile shells to a criminal court is a perplex process, and may take some time in order to make the proper decision. There are a few different ways in which this decision is made. In some jurisdictions, the cases may be decided upon an intake unit within the court which then decides to process it formally or informally. some other jurisdictions may use another agency such as the prosecutors office, or a social service agency to decide whether the case should go to juvenile or criminal court. When a decision is made to transfer a juvenile case to criminal court, a judicial electric arc is petitioned for, and the juvenile judge then has to make the decision whether the case should be criminally prosecuted. In some places though, the prosecutor has the legal right to make that perspicaciousness without involving the juvenile court, and send the case directly to criminal court.When a juvenile commits the crime of homicide, I personally think that any offender 13 old age or older should be tried in adult criminal court. I do understand that the juvenile may lack some mental reasoning or may even have some mental disorder, just as I think that anyone who commits violent crimes have this also no matter of age, but that doesnt mean they shouldnt be still be tried in criminal court for the horrible crimes they committed. The only part of the sentencing I dont agree with in convicting a juvenile is to where he is sent to prison. I do not believe th...

Margin Review Questions Essay

If they had continued, Chinese maritime voyages could assume had a profound impact on the course of world history. chinaware was the richest, closely prosperous, and most technologically advanced civilization in the world at that time, and it would be reasonable to think that, if the Chinese had aggressively competed with their European counterparts, they likely would have prevailed as the preeminent maritime power in the world. This would have had profound implications for the course of world history, most likely limiting the influence of Western Europe and of Christianity on other regions of the globe and increasing Chinese heathen, economic, and political influences beyond East Asia. The usefulness of counterfactual questions is debatable. They do allow one twain to highlight the type of contingency in the course of human history and to highlight the difficulty of predicting the future because of contingency. Moreover, counterfactual questions go beyond mere speculation, be cause they encourage students to think of what was accomplishable in light of known historical facts. Thus a good what if question can help scholars think their way into historical reality and to hone their analytical skills. Still, no one can fully predict what the consequences of a change in events would have been, and in any case, the reality of the situation as it happened is the subject of history.2. This chapter organizes societies in two ways. First, it organizes them into Paleolithic peoples, agricultural village societies, herding peoples, and established civilizations and pudding stones. It then organizes those civilizations by region. There are other alternatives, including organization by cultural region Chinese, Indian, Islamic, Mesoamerican, and Christian. Another possibility would have been organization through webs of connections, starting with a single society and radiating out to an geographic expedition of its nearer and to a greater extent long-distance co ntacts.3. S of all timeal changes would undoubtedly have surprised a knowledgeable observer, including the emergence of Islam the revival of China and Western Europe the collapse of the Byzantine imperium the emergence of Russia and the spread of Christianity into that region the emergence of reads in Southeast Asia the emergence of Japan the emergence of powerful empires in West Africa. However, some features would still be recognizable, such as the persistence of Paleolithic, agricultural village, and herding societies the continuance, albeit at a more than intense rate, of long-distance commerce and exchange the persistence of broad cultural traditions, peculiarly in the Mesoamerican, Andean, Chinese, European, and Indian civilizations.4. A global traveler of the fifteenth century might have predicted that Islam, Buddhism, and perhaps Christianity would continue to spread that the established cultural regions of China, India, the Islamic world, Christian Europe, the Andes, a nd Mesoamerica would continue to develop and expand that long-distance commerce and exchange would continue to have an important impact on the development of civilizations that empires would continue to have a growing influence on world history that the regions occupied by Paleolithic, agricultural village, and herding societies would continue to shrink. Precisely when these predictions were made would make a difference. originally 1492, the huge impact of Western European influence on the Americas would have been difficult to predict. Before 1433, the relatively modest impact of Chinese overseas exploration would have been difficult to predict.5. The forum and hunting people of the northwest coast of North America possessed permanent village settlements with large and sturdy houses, grand economic specialization, ranked societies that sometimes included slavery, chiefdoms dominated by powerful clan leaders, and extensive storage of food none of those features were part of Au stralian gathering and hunting societies.6. In West Africa, three distinct patterns of political development were taking see among agricultural village societies, with the Yoruba people creating city-states the kingdom of Benin taking shape as a small, highly centralized territorial state and the Igbo peoples relying on otherinstitutionstitle societies, womens associations, hereditary ritual experts serving as mediators, a balance of power among kinship groupsto maintain social cohesion beyond the level of the village. In addition, the Yoruba, Bini, and Igbo peoples traded actively among themselves as well as with more distant peoples and changed from a matrilineal to a patrilineal system of tracing their descent. In the Americas, in what is now central New York State, an increased level of conflict among Iroquois peoples triggered a remarkable political innovationa loose alliance or confederation among five Iroquois peoples base on an agreement known as the wide Law of Peace. T he Iroquois League of Five Nations kept peace, adjudicated disputes, and operated by consensus. It also gave expression to values of limited government, social equality, and personal freedom. The Iroquois developed a system that gave women extraordinary(predicate) authority. Descent was matrilineal, married couples lived with the wifes family, and women controlled agriculture. fleck men were hunters, warriors, and the primary political officeholders, women selected and could depose those leaders.7. In Central Asia, the Turkic warlord Timur constructed a significant empire that retained control of the area between Persia and Afghanistan during the fifteenth century. Timurs conquests, however, hid a more long-term change for the uncouth peoples of Central Asia, because his was the last great forces success of nomadic peoples from Central Asia in the centuries that followed, their homelands were swallowed up in the expanding Russian and Chinese empires. In West Africa, pastoral peoples retained their independence into the late ordinal century. Groups like the Fulbe, West Africas largest pastoral society, generally lived in small communities among agricultural peoples as they migrated gradually eastward after 1000 C.E., they maintained their distinctive way of life and a sense of cultural superiority that became more pronounced as they slowly adopted Islam. Some Fulbe dropped out of a pastoral life and settled in towns, where they became highly respected religious leaders. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Fulbe were at the center of a wave of religiously based uprisings (jihads) that greatly expanded the practice of Islam and gave rise to a series of new states ruled by the Fulbe.8. Under the Ming dynasty, China recovered from the disruption caused by Mongol rule and the ravages of the plague to become perhaps the best-governed and most prosperous of the worlds major civilizations it also undertook the largest and most impressive mariti me expeditions the world had ever seen.9. Political consolidation occurred in both China and Western Europe, but in China this meant a unitary and centralized government that encompassed almost the strong of its civilization, while in Europe a decidedly fragmented system of many separate, independent, and competitive states made for a sharply divided Christendom. While both experienced cultural flowering, Europes culture after the Renaissance was rather more different from its own recent past than Ming dynasty China was from its pre-Mongol glory. While both sent out ships to explore the wider world, their purposes in doing so were very different.10. Chinese exploration was undertaken by an enormous fleet composed of several speed of light large ships, while European explorations were undertaken by expeditions made up of a handful of small ships. European motivations for exploration included the entrust for wealth from trade, the calculate for converts to Christianity, and the recruitment of possible Christian allies against the Moslem powers. China, by contrast, needed no military allies, required little in the way of trade, and had no desire to convert foreigners to Chinese culture or religion. The Europeans sought to monopolize by force the commerce of the Indian Ocean and violently carved out empires in the Americas the Chinese fleet sought neither conquests nor colonies. China ended its voyages abruptly after 1433 the European explorations continued and even escalated. In terms of why Chinas explorations were so different from their European counterparts, the fragmentation of political authority in Europe, unlike Chinas unified empire, ensured that once begun, rivalry but would drive Europeans to the end of the earth. Much of Europes elite, including merchants, monarchs, the clergy, and nobles, had an interest in overseas expansion in China, by contrast, the emperor moth Yongle was the primary supporter of the Chinese voyages of exploration, a nd after he passed from the scene, those opposed to thevoyages prevailed within the politics of the court. The Chinese were very much aware of their own antiquity, believed strongly in the absolute superiority of their culture, and matt-up that, if they needed something from abroad, others would bring it to them. The Europeans also believed themselves unique however, in material terms, they were seeking out the greater riches of the East, and they were highly conscious that Muslim power obstruct easy access to these treasures and posed a military and religious threat to Europe itself.11. The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires had Turkic origins, while the Songhay imperium did not. The Ottoman and Safavid empires ruled over the heartland of the Muslim world, where a majority of their subjects followed Islam the Mughal and Songhay empires ruled over regions where Islam was a minority faith. The rulers of the Safavid Empire were the only ones to impose a Shia version of Islam as the official religion of the state.12. The Inca Empire was much larger than its Aztec counterpart. The Aztec Empire controlled only part of the Mesoamerican cultural region, while at its height the Inca state encompassed practically the whole of the Andean civilization. In the Aztec realm, the Mexica rulers largely left their conquered people alone, and no elaborate administrative system arose to integrate the conquered territories or to assimilate their people to Aztec culture. The Incas, on the other hand, erected a more bureaucratic empire. The Aztec Empire extracted substantial tribute in the form of goods from its subject populations, while the Incas primarily extracted labor services from their subjects. The Aztec Empire had a system of commercial message exchange that was based on merchants and free markets, whereas the Inca government played a major role in both the production and distribution of goods. The authority of the state penetrated and directed the Incas societ y and economy far more than did that of the Aztecs.13. The ideology of state that gave human sacrifice great religious importance shaped the techniques of Aztec warfare, which put a premium on capturing prisoners rather than on killing the enemy. Priests and rulers became interdependent, with human sacrifices carried out forpolitical ends. Massive sacrificial rituals served to impress enemies, allies, and subjects alike with the immense power of the Aztecs and their gods.14. The emperor was an absolute ruler and was regarded as divine. In theory, the state owned all land and resources. Subjects were organized, at least in the central regions of the empire, into hierarchical units of 10, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, and 10,000 people, each headed by local officials, who were supervised by an Inca governor or by the emperor. An imperial office of inspectors checked on provincial authorities. Births, deaths, marriages, and other population data were cautiously recorded. A resettlement prog ram moved one-quarter or more of the population to new locations. Leaders of conquered peoples were required to learn Quechua, and their sons were removed to the capital of Cuzco for instruction in Inca culture and language. Subject peoples were required to acknowledge major Inca deities, although once they did so, they were largely free to carry on their own religious traditions. The Inca Empire played a major role in the production and distribution of goods.15. They interacted through webs of empire, large-scale political systems that brought together a variety of culturally different peoples through webs of religion that linked far-flung peoples and through long-established patterns of trade among peoples occupying different environments and producing different goods.

A Dissertation Proposal Essay

Chapter One The Problems and Its Comp nonpareilntsThe hassle to be investigated in this report is civilize humor, considering and comparing instructor perceptions of both the actual and high-f wretchedn psycho logical milieu in tierce antithetical Afri laughingstock Ameri bed head-to-head rails. The literature indicates that an out-of-doors humour with lines of communication that atomic number 18 established at all levels, staff freedom, callingal interest, and deviateicipatory termination devising, among former(a) similar factors, volition introduce to cocksure instructor attitudes and meliorate instructor feat. The kindred among teachers perceptions of the actual and idealistic psychological coach environment has non yet been tested for Afri raft Ameri smoke private crops.See more Examples of satire in adventures of huckfinn essayProblem BackgroundAs explained by Beachum and McCray (2004), acidify mood has a significant stupor on the attitudes an d performance of teachers in that it twines original egression and instruction in academicianian and social names, influences the ability to handle work pressures, and ultimately can lead to attrition if the clime is non open and does not take over adequate lines of communication. The tames value systems, work pressures, participatory decision making, resource adequacy, growth opportunity, and student support all play a part in the overall mode of the rail (Cole-Henderson, 2000). The wad of this modality is of critical importance to the head being, positive attitudes, and professional development of the civilises teachers.The current need to yield e really child with qualified and committed teachers in the face of a national teacher shortage supports the importance of conducting look for on factors influencing teacher attitudes and underlineors in the teach profession, particularly those that might affect burnout and turnover. It is in any case clear that a he althy instill climatea workinghouse with a well-set academic emphasis and a trader who has influence with superiors and is leaveing to use it on behalf of teachersis conducive to the development of teachers beliefs that they can influence student learning and make a difference.It is in addition clear that work pressures can exert additional stress on a teacher if the schooldays climate is comprehend in a negative light. Numerous studies (Harris, 1999 Jamal, 1999 Ma & Macmillan, 1999 MacDonald, 1999 Remy, 1999) bind pore on teacher stress. According to Remy, research has examinen that 40% of new teachers leave the profession within 5 years.These studies withal have shown that approximately half of all teachers leave the profession within the first 7 years be act of job- colligate stress. Becausal agency statement is a stressful occupation (Ma & Macmillan Remy Weiss, 1999), teachers often self-select out of the profession. drills must then scramble to replace these teac hers. rest faculty and the school district constrain further strained in the attempt to make up for the shortage. Knowledge of how teachers perceive the current school climate and what teachers think the ideal environment should be would be of invaluable importance.Theoretical OrientationThe literature review go away focus on both the conceptual framework of the essay and the major(ip) variables of concern. The conceptual framework forget be establish on attribution and pauperization guess. The major variables of concern ar the ideal and actual perceptions of the school climate by teachers. Initially, attribution theory was bequested as a theoretical process in the late 1970s and middle eighties (Frieze, 1976 Weiner, 1979, 1985, 1986).It tenderd the framework for examining the responses of teachers to such academic outcomes of students as misadventure or success in the general education classroom. Since that cartridge holder a outlet of studies have been conducted that provide empirical support of its principles. According to Graham (1990 1991), both ability and effort have been identified as the major perceived causes of individual teacher failure or success. In new(prenominal) words, failure can be overcome by effort, while success comes about as a result of own(prenominal) competence. instructor ability is comprised of aptitude and learned skills in an academic context. Effort, on the other hand, is the amount of exertion applied to a learning situation. Attribution can be applied in situations in which teachers try to understand their own behavior. It can also be applied when teachers try to assess the classroom performance of students in order to increase their precept success (Graham, 1990, 1991).When teachers expectations atomic number 18 not met, the instructors whitethorn resort to any number of actions. They may often be slow or absent. In fact, attrition is often the end result. The individuals may also withdraw from teaching psycho logicallythat is, not concentrate, do no more than perfectly necessary, and have no interest or initiative. As a result, the quality of teaching in general may suffer.Vroom (1964) stated that want is a product of the anticipated worth that individuals place on a goal and the chances they see of achieving that goal. According to Vroom, troika factors influence performance force, valence, and expectancy. obligate equals valence generation expectancy. Force is the strength of the teachers motivation while valence is the anticipated triumph from the result. Expectancy is the probability of achieving the outcome. The impact of force depends on both valence and expectancy. For example, if teachers show indifference in achieving a goal, the valence sticks zero.Specifically in his expectancy theory, Vroom (1964) suggested the followingMotivation = Perceived Probability of Success (Expectancy) x confederation of Success and Reward (Instrumentality) x Value of Obtaining Goal (Valance , Value). From this formula it is clear that a high value for one variables of the formula go away result in a high motivation value and vice versa. In Vrooms (1964) view, the trine variables must exist for motivation to take place. Thus, when teachers do not think they will be successful at a task or do not value the results of becoming successful in their school or do not perceive a connection between their attitude and the school climate, it is more than likely that they will not apply themselves to the teaching activity.Organizational theory also relates to the proposed investigative study in terms of communication. According to this theory, restrictive and closed climates with closed lines of communication relate to poor teacher performance (Cole-Henderson, 2000). The school system is an organization, and thus communication theory applies. When lines of communication atomic number 18 closed teachers do not communicate with administrators or students, and school oversight do es not communicate with teachers other than giving orders from the top down.Communication only flows from the top down. In such a school system, the perceived motivational climate is negative and act goals suffer (Bennett, 2002). Clearly, when there are open lines of communication, there is more interest in teaching and thus knowledge has more meaning. This translates into improved exercise on the part of both the teacher and the student. It is clear to see that school climate has a decided bearing on teachers in a number of different ways.Purpose of the StudyThe answer of the study is to evaluate teacher perceptions of the climate of three independent shadowy private schools in relationship to the actual and ideal climate. Thus, the purpose is three-fold1. To descend if teacher perceptions of the actual school climate differs between and among the three African American private schools include in the study.2. To determine if the teachers perceptions of the ideal or preferred s chool climate differs between and among the three African American private schools included in the study.3. To determine if there is a correlation among teachers who teach at different levels in the three schools included in the study regarding their perceptions of their school climate. research QuestionsThe major research question can be stated as follows Is the actual school climate of independent African American private schools adequately confrontation the perceptions of its teachers regarding their ideal school climate perceptions? From this question several sub-questions have been formulated. These may now be listed as follows1. Do teacher perceptions of the actual school climate differ between and among the three African American private schools included in the study, as determined by scores on the actual environment event form of the crop Level Environment Questionnaire (SLEQ)?2. Do teacher perceptions of the ideal or preferred school climate differ between and among the three African American private schools included in the study, as determined by scores on the ideal or preferred environment answer form of the give lessons Level Environment Questionnaire (SLEQ)?3. Is there a significant correlation among the perceptions of teachers employed in the three schools included in the study in terms of their view of their school climate, as determined from both answer forms of the school day Level Environment Questionnaire (SLEQ)?4. Do the perceptions of teachers differ for those who teach at different student grade levels, as determined by a comparison of results from the School Level Environment Questionnaire for teachers instructing at different levels?Limitations and De boundOne limitation of the study relates to the fact that the research has no control over the teacher participants reliability. It will be assumed, however, that the teachers will answer the survey questionnaire items honestly and to the best of their ability. in that location is al so a certain weakness associated with only the use of a survey questionnaire to obtain randomness for analysis. Researchers do suggest the use of two or more sourcesthat is, triangulation to produce better support data (Babbie, 2003 Creswell, 2003). With respect to delimitations of the study, the data source of this case will be limited to three independent nasty private schools located in an urban city.DefinitionsSeveral common terms and foundationations are used uniquely in the proposed study. These are defined as follows supreme Black private school. This term refers to a school owned by African Americans which is not dependent upon national or local government for funding its operation and is instead operated by tuition charges, gifts, and perhaps the investment yield of an endowment (Mahiri, 1998).School climate. This term refers to the school atmosphere. In restrictive and closed schools, countenance emanates from the top down through hierarchical levels. Communication is restrictive and closed. In an open school climate, communication reaches all levels and moves in all directions (Moeller, 2005).School climate perceptions. instructor views of their school environment will generally influence their motivation to teach, grow professionally, participate in decision making, and handle work pressures. In this study, the term will be operationally defined by scores on the School Level Environment Questionnaire (SLEQ)?Self-concept. Self-concept is considered the most basic and crucial components of personality and can be influenced by environment. Self-concept can become positive in an open school climate conversely it can become negative in a closed and restrictive school climate. The proposed study views self concept in this context (Branden, 1999).Staff development. For this research project, this term pertains to any activities that attempt to improve the teachers ability to implement a new instructional program. Staff development includes an emp hasis on attitude, competencies, and knowledge that enhances learning (Sykes, 1996).Teachers perceptions. In general, perceptions in the present study pertain to teachers thoughts, beliefs, and feelings about professional development training, work pressures, participatory decision making, innovation, staff freedom, student support, professional interest, and affiliation, among other related variables. Their thoughts and beliefs affect their teaching approach and presentation. Teachers are active information processors who affect classroom events as much as they are affected by them (Chance & Costa, 1998).Importance of the StudyAfrican American students are not doing as well in school as others and this may be related to their teachers (Tatum, 2006). The findings of this investigative study may provide valuable knowledge about the teachers of these students. Also, other independent schools can use these outcomes to improve their educational programs for teachers and improve teacher productivity. In addition, the implications may insure that the professional and development needs of the teachers are met at school. The proposed study will add to the scholarly research.School reform and restructuring as it relates to professional development of teachers have gained pulse in the United States for the past 2 decades (Sparks, 1997). Meaningful educational reform cannot occur, however, un little(prenominal) teachers are integrally involved in the reform process and unless they have the time and resources to conceptualize the implementation of the changes need in their classrooms. But more research is needed to identify the ways in which the school climate can become more open and conducive to these needs. The significance of the proposed study lay in its ability to add to the database in this respect.The significance of the study and its potential results touches a number of areas and addresses several different audiences. As observationd, the findings will add to the scholarly research. For example, disposition factors that influence teacher perceptions of climate in African American private schools can function reveal the underlying logic that influences their motivation, professional development, and perhaps their corporation in the decision making processes.Chapter Two Review of LiteratureIt is principal(prenominal) to note that educational detectives have reconciledly pitch unequal levels of skill between African American and Caucasian students (Bankston & Caldas, 1997 Graybill, 1997). educational specialists such as Hurd (2001) refer to the problem faced by African American students, as the achievement gap and further point out that in todays school systems less than 60% of African American high school students graduate in 14 years. Joseph (2000) noted that if Caucasian students were dropping out at the same rate as African American students, we would declare a state of crisis in teaching these students. According to Tyson (2002 ), it is time to require teachers and administrators to address the problem and to consider issues related to achievement motivation among African American students.According to Baldwin, Coney III, and Thomas (1993), the eleven areas of school effectiveness are effective instructional leadership, clear and focused mission, safe and orderly environment, positive school climate, high expectations, frequent assessment/monitoring of student achievement, emphasis on basic skills, maximum opportunities for learning, parent alliance involvement, strong professional development, and teacher involvement in decision-making. In these areas of school effectiveness, school climate is one of the most important things wherein it has been subject to extensive research.School climate is a term referring to the personality of a school, according to Hoy and Miskel (1982). It is a characteristic of a school which includes the schools physical grammatical construction of its buildings and the interact ions between students and teachers. These are the two factors that both affect and help to define the concept of school climate according to Marshall (2004). Les Gallay and Suet-ling Pong (2004), on the other hand, viewed school climate as the part of the school environment associated with attitudinal and affective dimensions and the belief systems of the school that influence childrens cognitive, social, and psychological development. They also cited Ashby and Krug (1998) and Griffith (2000) on what school climate is a how it affect the society.According to Ashby and Krug (1998), school climate is reflected in the social interactions within the classroom and within the school community. According to Griffith (2000), values, attitudes, beliefs and communications are subjective matters many researches rely on the perceptions of the participants (teachers, students, parents) to measure the effect of school climate. For many years and up to the recent days, the concept on school climat e influencing significantly in educational outcomes is still being researched by many researchers.Perceptions on school climate influence many people (e.g. students, teachers, parents) which may also influence the processes and outcomes in a physical, social, and learning environment. Research shows that both teacher and student perceptions of school climate influence student achievement. An early study by Fraser (1989) laid the groundwork for this research. Fraser (1989) studied the effects of classroom environment on student achievement, for example, and found that student outcomes could be improved by creating classroom environments that are conducive to learning. Classroom environments studied by Fraser (1989) used student perceptual data to assess the school environment and reach conclusions.A number of studies have been conducted since the 1980s showing a relationship between students perceptions of the school climate in various terms and their achievement in one form or anoth er. In 1995, the study of Bulach, Malone, & Castleman on the investigating of variables related to student achievement showed that there is a significant difference in student achievement between schools with good school climate and schools with poor school climate.On schools with positive school climate, students develop a positive perception on school climate, making them comfortable with the learning environment they are in. On separate studies conducted by Hirase (2000) and Erpelding (1999) on the relationship between school climate and achievement of students, both studies came up with same result that schools with a positive climate had a higher academic achievement as compared to schools with negative climate.Another case presented by Freiberg (1998) showed that the students perceptions are important especially during the transition from one school level to another (e.g. main(a) to high school). According to him, attending a new school can be frightening for students which could affect their perceptions on the school climate which could consequently affect their learning outcomes or performance. With that, the research showed that having good or positive school climate will result to an easy transition or adaption to the new school environment and a good performance of students may be soft achieved.This chapter will focused more on the theories and studies related to the teachers perception on school climate in order to have critical views on it. In addition, this chapter will also present and analyze established studies on the influences made by school climate on teachers perceptions and subsequently to the effect of having these perceptions to the assessment and forward motion of the students performance in school.Conceptual FrameworkThe conceptual framework of the study is related to attribution, motivational, and organizational climate in terms of lines of communication. According to attribution theory, teachers perceptions of their school teachi ng experiences will generally influence their achievement motivation and performance development more than the actual objective of those experiences (Weiner, 1985).School climate is also an important aspect of learning and effective instruction (Freiberg, 1998). When teachers are more em causationed, students are able to voice their concerns and learn from the experience. When questions and answers are free flowing, the school climate is open. For example, understanding factors that are influenced by an independent Black school climate such as academic achievement can help reveal the underlying logic that influences teacher motivation and performance (Joseph, 2000).Motivation on the part of teachers is an important aspect of effective instruction (Joseph, 2000). Vroom (1964) defined motivation as a product of the anticipated worth that individuals place on a goal and the chances they see of achieving that goal, as mentioned in Chapter 1. According to him, three factors influence ach ievement force, valence, and expectancy. Force is the strength of the teachers motivation while valence is the anticipated satisfaction from the result. Expectancy is the probability of achieving the outcome. The impact of force depends on both valence and expectancy. In his view, the three variables must exist for motivation to take place.Thus, when teachers do not think they will be successful at a task or do not value the results of becoming successful in their school or do not perceive a connection between their attitude and the school climate, it is more than likely that they will not apply themselves to the teaching activity. But when teachers are motivated to perform competently in the classroom, they will have more positive attitudes resulting to a positive result to the students. As noted by Banks (2001), school climate can also impact teacher identity. Banks reported that, The school climate communicatesthe schools attitudes toward a range of issues and problems (p. 24).Sc hool values not in agreement with those of its teachers and a lack of communication and perceptions of shared power and control on the part of administration (teachers and principals), may negatively influence teachers attitudes about the school itself and their chances for professional development (Hoy & Woolfolk, 1993). When the climate of the school promotes a consonant value system that is in agreement school wide, and when high levels of communication exist, teacher attitudes are more positive. Thus it can be seen, as Karpicke and stump spud (1996) have noted, a positive school climate has a great impact on success of both teachers and students alike, significantly encouraging achievement on the part of all.Lynn and Hassan (1999) examined pedagogical practices and beliefs of African American teachers and students at a private middle school in an affluent African American community. Their investigative study provided a portrait of the school and the students in an attempt to r aise the critical consciousness of the students. From their observations and interviews, they found the role of alignment between the school mission and teacher beliefs and practices was high. Also, there were shared views about the principles taught regarding the development of moral, intellectual, and spiritual aspects of students.According to attribution theory, teachers perceptions of their school climate experiences, whether they be the actual objective of the experience or not, will generally influence their attitudes toward teaching (Weiner, 1985). In other words, teachers try to explain their failure or success by relating (attributing) this to certain school climate characteristics. Weiner (1986) also linked attribution theory to achievement motivation in specific steps. In Weiners view, the first step starts with an outcome realization. Deciding whether or not the outcome is negative or positive represents the second step of this sequential process. During the third step, specific information about the outcome is gathered. Next, the search for a cause takes place. This involves a determination as to whether the outcome is the effect of a specific strategy, conscious effort on the part of the student in question (i.e., the doer), or just plain luck. In this way, achievement motivation is explained.McClelland (1985) also linked attribution theory to achievement motivation, but carried the analysis as well as the theoretical orientation a step further. McClelland identified variables or component parts that comprised achievement motivation and subsequently acknowledged several(prenominal) common characteristics. These included (a) concern for personal achievement over concern for external rewards for success, (b) an ability to set obtainable goals, (c) the desire for performance related feedback as opposed to attitudinal feedback, and (d) consistent thinking about ways in which progress can be made which thus increases their achievement levels.Expectan cy theory as related to achievement theory is yet another theoretical orientation of the present investigative research. It should be explained that the emotional feelings of achievement and satisfaction are actually determined by each individual. Teachers decide on the degree to which their learning experiences are satisfying by comparing them with their own expectations (Whaley & Smyer, 1998). Aspects of learning that fall short of these expectations can cause discontent. Often teachers compare their perceptions of their school climate to their perceptions of what it should be. If a teachers subjective evaluation or perception of ratio of school climate inputs to yield (e.g., positive attitudes and satisfaction) is lower than the comparison, the teacher is very likely to be dissatisfied. Expectations and comparisons of perceived worth, however, are subjective, and often biased or even erroneous.Private SchoolsAs the achievement gap grows larger, African American parents have also lost faith in mankind school education, especially those who have enrolled their children in private schools (Sander, 1997). This is because of some factors such as racial discrimination of the white teachers and white students to somber students, low interest of students to go to school for a reason that they develop low self-esteem in school because of diverse ethnicity, and many other more. Black and White parents alike believe that attending private schools would rid their children of such problems as bullying, skipping school, high dropout rates, and would give their children a better chance to higher academic achievement.According to National Center for Education Statistics (2008), there are 28, 384 private schools in the United States now with 6.1 million PK-12 students enrolled. Over 25 percent of the nations schools are private schools and about 11% of all students are enrolled in these private schools. On the other hand, the National Center for Education Statistics, whi ch periodically test the grade 4, 8, and 12 students skills and knowledge using the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), showed their analysis on the score of students from private and public schools. Based on their results, students in private schools consistently score well as compared to public students.There are many factors that could affect students achievement. Factors may include the type of school the student is enrolled, number of students in a classroom (class size), the efficiency of the teacher teaching the subject, the students classmates, and many other more including family and social factors that could hinders students achievement (Betts et. al, 2003). However, one of the most influential on students achievement is the way the teacher is teaching the subject and the values he/she taught to the students. With this reason, the teachers perception on their school climate will greatly influenced the way they will teach the students for their perceptions w ill determine factors that motivates them to teach such as job satisfaction or secured environment.Attribution Factors in Terms of School ClimateA number of attribution factors influencing achievement motivation are identified in the literature and are examined in the research. These include (a) school climate in terms of lines of communication, (b) peer influence, and (c) perceptions of educational experiences. separately has an important influence and is considered to be an important attribution variable influencing achievement motivation. With respect to school climate, perceptions are related to their overall educational experience. Studies have shown that perceptions of school climate affect a wide variety of social and academic success factors, and vice versa. For example, the social environment and climate of the school and the actions within those environments influence students perceptions of their own effort and success in school (Kaufman, 2004).Moeller (2005) found that students perceptions of school climate and their own sense of responsible behavior are correlated. Studies also found that school climate can be effective in many ways. Researchers found school climate positively affect academic performance/achievement. They also found that it influences the behaviour of a student and the decision to remain in school (Monrad et al., 2008). Similarly, according to Kuperminc et al. (1997), a positive school climate showed association with less behavioural and emotional problems for students.Smerdons (2002) study, which undisturbed data from a nationally representative sample of high school students, discovered that students who may need perceived school membership and open school climate the most and may benefit most from it perceived lower levels of membership than did their peers.The cultural environment in schools can also contribute to African American students poor academic performance. Teachers often comment on the fact that these items give t hem little chance to help African American students in meaningful ways (a) they often can only maintain minimal order in the classroom, (b) school violence is on the increase, (c) with curriculum requirements teachers have little time to help students to fulfill the requirements of the curriculum, and (d) these students become discouraged and very often drop out of school (Hale-Benson, 1996).Voelkll (1995) examined the influence that involvement and creating a warm school environment would have on academic achievement. The study included a nationwide sample of 13,121 one-eighth graders. The finding showed, that there was a direct relationship between warmth in the classroom environment parent involvement in the school and students willingness to participate. It seems that participation in class has a distinct and crucial influence on the relationship between students perceptions and achievement (p. 112). In addition, on the study conducted on school climate in urban environments by Haynes & Comer (1993) showed that a positive school climate and is conscious of cultural differences can significantly improve academic success or performance among the urban students.Hoy and Woolfolk (1993), on the other hand, assessed teachers perceptions of the school climate as related to organizational health. Specifically, the researchers examined the relationships between two dimensions of teacher efficacy (general and personal teaching efficacy) and aspects of a healthy school climate as defined in terms of institutional integrity, principal influence, consideration, resource support, morale, and academic emphasis.The sample of the study consisted of 179 teachers from 37 elementary schools in youthful Jersey (Hoy & Woolfolk, 1993). A modification of the Organizational Health Inventory was administered to the teachers to obtain the data for analysis. The researchers reason from their data analysis that a healthy school climate (strong academic emphasis and a principal who w as able to influence superiors on behalf of teachers) was favorable to the development of teachers beliefs that they could influence student learning, Thus, teachers confidence that they can reach students was supported by organizational factors that help teachers manage and teach students (p. 355).Studies have shown that a positive school climate is associated with increased job satisfaction for teachers (Taylor and Tashakkori, 1995 Ma & MacMillan, 1999), level of work efficacy, and teacher autonomy. Teachers found satisfied in their jobs have more positive views or perception about school climate as compared to those teachers who were not satisfied (Bahamonde-Gunnell, 2000). While on the research conducted by Hirase (2000), the researcher found out that teachers operative in a school with positive school climate have greater sense of work-efficacy.The research conducted by Erpelding (1999) found that there is a strong relationship between teacher autonomy and school climate. Same with the studies of Bempah et al. (1994) and Rosenholz (1989), when teachers feel that they have some power or autonomy and also involves into school-level decision-making, they are less likely to leave. Consequently, when teachers feel powerless and alienated, their efficiency to teach lowers (Ashton & Webb, 1986). With an increased in job satisfaction, work-efficacy, and teacher autonomy, teachers will be able to educate the students with quality education, thus, increase the students performance or success in learning and making the school successful too. To support this favourable development of teachers in positive school climate which can lead to successful school, studies also found that a having a positive school climate is related to indicators of school success such as standardized test scores (Monrad et al., 2008).Chapter Three MethodologyPrevious chapters introduced the problem of the study, explained the purpose, provided the theoretical orientation, and reviewed the l iterature pertinent to the major variables. The purpose of this chapter is to detail the methodology that will be employed to collect and analyze the data. Thus, this chapter presents the design, procedures, and analysis plan for carrying out the study.Research DesignThe method for this study is based on a non-experimental design that focuses on the use of data collected using scores from the SLEQ in a selected population. Thus, the research approach of the study will be descriptive and will essentially represent a quantitative study. Research provides us with a variety of perspectives from which to see things and a way of empirically analyzing our findings (Rinaldo, 2005). It enables use to see from where we have come, provides us with a description of where we are now, and gives us some semblance of the direction in which we seem headed (Rinaldo). Quantitative and soft research is vital part of any investigation.Quantitative research is defined as the collection of numerical and statistical data (ONeil, 2006). Quantitative research is frequently used to investigate research questions. This research often starts with the collection of statistics, based on data, observations, or surveys. One popular quantitative technique is the survey. Surveys can be administered by telephone, face to face, mail, or more recently by the Internet. Quantitative data is described by ONeil as data which can be sorted, classified, measured in a strictly objective way. The relationship between these variables is expressed using effect statistics, such as correlations, relative frequencies, or differences between means (Hopkins, 2000).The researcher is a very valuable component throughout the collection of data. According to Glesne and Peshkin (1992), when conducting a quantitative study, the researcher is described as being detached, impartial, objective, and portrayal. The researchers purpose is to generalize, predict, and provide causal explanations. There are several approaches the research can use. Some approaches are subject to hypothesis, theories, manipulation and control, experimentation, deductive, and component analysis (Glesne & Peshkin).According to Hopkins (2000), in a descriptive study, subjects are usually measured once and no attempt is made to change behavior or conditions things are measured as they are. Hopkins stated that the aim in quantitative research is to distinguish the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable in a population. excerpt of ParticipantsBabbie (2003) indicated that it is appropriate for a researcher to conduct purposeful sampling because of the researchers knowledge of the population, its elements, and the nature of the research objectives. In addition, Babbie (2003) suggested that a researcher may want to study a small subset of a larger population in which members of the subset are easily identified.It is for this reason that three African American private schools in one urban area in t he United States were selected for inclusion in the study. These will be named A, B, and C to ensure anonymity. Together, the study population full(a) will be 67 teachers instructing preschool through twelfth grade. All will become the target population. Those who agree to participate in the study will become the sample. Their responses will provide data regarding their perception of the climate in their school, both actual and ideal.School A focuses on educating students ages 2-12 and strengthening basic educational components to take students to be competitive in a global society. The co-educational school enrolls 121 students in grades prekindergarten to fifth grade and employs 20 teachers. The student to teacher ratio is 9.31. All of the students are African American.School B is a Christian school. The co-educational school enrolls 220 students in grades prekindergarten to twelfth grade and employs 26 teachers. The student to teacher ratio is 7.81. Ninety-eight percent of the students are African American.School C has built its program around the concept currently known as African-Centered education, a holistic approach based upon the premise that children excel academically and intellectually when the curriculum, teaching methodology, and environment reflect the builders of yesterday and the ideas of the future. The co-educational school enrolls 215 students in grades prekindergarten to eighth grade and employs 21 teachers. The student to teacher ratio is 101. Ninety-eight percent of the students are African American.InstrumentationData used in the proposed study to analyze the perceptions of teachers will be collected through administration of a test instrument, the School Level Environment Questionnaire (SLEQ), as developed by Fisher and Fraser (1990) and published in the Handbook of Tests and amount in Education and the companionable Sciences (2000). The SLEQ is comprised of 56 items that measure teachers perceptions of the psychological environmen t of a school. As explained by the originators, the SLEQ consists of two answer formsone that measures the actual environment as perceived by teachers and the second that measures the ideal or preferred school environment.Three different teacher samples assisted in the development of the test instrument (Fraser, 1989). Alpha coefficients ranging from 0.70 to 0.81 were provided as an estimate of the internal consistency of each of the eight subscales. These subscales include student support, affiliation, professional interest, staff freedom, participatory decision making, innovation, research adequacy, and work pressure. Each subscale consists of seven items which, when added together, provide a separate score. The scale development for the SLEQ was derived from the Work Environment Scale (Fraser, 1989).It is divided into three basic dimensions. These include relationship, personal development, and system maintenance and system change dimensions. As reported by Fisher and Fraser (199 0), these broad dimensions were used for the development of the SLEQ. Non-participatory decision making (suggesting a closed school climate) is indicated, for example, by such items as I have little say in the running of the school and It is very difficult to change anything in this school. Resource inadequacy is indicated by responses to such items as, Tape recorders and cassettes are seldom available when needed and The supply of equipment and resources is inadequate.AssumptionsIt will be assumed that all study subjects will answer the survey questions honestly and to the best of their ability. It is also assumed that the students in the three schools where their teachers are being surveyed will be representative of the larger population of African American students attending an independent Black private school.ProceduresData will be collected by the researcher from the teachers at each school at a time selected by the administrators and researcher. The purpose of the study will b e presented to the teachers and the questionnaires will be distributed. The researcher will remain until the teachers have completed the questionnaires and will collect the completed forms before leaving the shock. Those teachers who agree to participate and return completed survey forms will become the sample. All respondents will be asked not to sign their name. In this way this researcher can assure anonymity. Those who wish a copy of the results when the study is completed will be asked to provide an e-mail address to be used for this purpose only.Data Processing and AnalysisData collected from survey questionnaires will be assessed to determine whether teachers perceptions of their actual school climate are similar to their perceived ideal school climate. The perceptions will be compared. Teachers view of the ideal and actual psychological environment will also be compared across the three African American private schools included in the proposed study. Findings from the analy sis of data will be reported as descriptive statistics. These include standard deviations, percentages, mean averages, and others of a similar nature. From this information, implications and conclusions will derive from the teacher perceptions. Findings from schools will be compared to each other and to those in the literature.References*Anderman, E. M., & Maehr, M. L. (1994). 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Favourite Movie Essay

My favourite photograph is 3 idiot. 3 Idiots is adapted from a Chetan Bhagats novel. It is not just a story of 3 design science students. The movie also presents the struggles of life that people have to face in their lives. The movie portrays how the human struggle for existence begins with the birth of a child. The child opens his eyes in the world to see the expectations floating in the eyes of his parents who want their children to commence Engineer, Doctor, IAS, or some other officer, and glorify their family name.The movie effectively highlights the problem of parents pushing their children to choose what they dont like and make them forget or ignore their hobbies that could have become a great profession for them. This happens overhere with Farhan who wanted to be a wildlife photographer. He could never do well in engineering but once he took up his hobby as profession he never looked back and established new milestones of success. On the other hand, Raju represents the c hassis of children who under the burden of expectations of their parents start to fear failure. This ultimately kills their confidence and leads to their failure. This fear of failure sometimes forces them to take extreme steps as it happens with Raju who tries to commit suicide. plainly once he gains back his confidence he starts to taste success in whatever he endeavors.The film also depicts that life at engineering colleges is not fun they have to deal with some serious problems including struggle to get good grades, ragging and mental pressure that forces a student to commit suicide. So I learnt a lot of things from this movie and the most motivating dialogue of this movie told by Rancho Dont run after success, be confident and success will come running after you motivated me a lot in my life. Last of all I want to say that various(prenominal) performances, screenplay, direction, editing to cinematography, especially melodious songs gave a perfection to this movie and made th is movie, my favourite movie.

Case Study Analysis: Oakbrook Medical Systems

In this case study, a division handler faces several potential human resource issues and communication challenges. To provide background, oak Brook Medical Systems developed their Hospital Supply Division in response to changes in the healthcare marketplace and staffed the social unit with highly qualified connected personnel. The company values teamwork, shares an entrepreneurial spirit, and the group of connected self-starters provides customers with flavour products and service.The divisions highly qualified strategic director has been with the company for 12 years, fate in her current position for 18 months, and has been credited for developing a scheme that added $40 million to the business unit. Increasing the number of qualified and committed women into management could also carry positive implications for the company because shifting demographics call for new perspectives to meet changing customer expectations to sustain market growth and to go past competitors.The st rategy director hopes that her efforts give be recognized and rewarded with career advancement. Division revenues currently reflect exceptional annual growth at nearly 35 percent, but there are indications that communication and esprit de corps motif to be improved within the unit. Workers in the division who largely seem to be make to meet corporate goals also share resentment towards their team leader.Anecdotal reports both from management and competent people under her supervision indicate that the directors results-oriented communication style has generated allegations of curtness and condescension from co-workers (ORourke, 2010, pp. 290, 291). There seems to be a disconnect between perceptions of productivity, fairness and effective communication, and this case study identifies both short-run rivals and latent internal threats to long-term profitability.Senior management largely acknowledges favorable market conditions and collaborative workers for producing impressive Ho spital Supply Division growth rather than singling show up the divisions strategy director for exemplary leadership. Although considered a valuable asset, the strategy directors communication problems with colleagues and subordinates have stirred greater concern during discussions of her future in the division. The strategy director, on the other hand, justifies her communication approach by considering frankness to be an integral part of getting the job done. disdain her business units success, the strategy director has indicated that she feels overlooked and frustrated by management, possibly because of racial or sexual urge discrimination. The unit lacks substantive standard of women and people of color in its management ranks (ORourke, 2010, pp. 290, 291). Gender and racial sensitivities carry serious implications for managers concerned with short-term profits and long-term viability.Cultural sensitivity is critical to a managers success (ORourke, 2010). So far, senior mana gement has not brought concerns about discontent in the division to the directors attention. Senior managers ask to address the concerns of the directors colleagues and subordinates regarding her objectionable communication style, as well as the strategy directors concerns about possible racial and gender discrimination to make appropriate long-term strategic choices for the division and company.ORourke (2010) also identifies skills essential for cross-cultural communication, including a capacity to accept the relativity of ones knowledge and perceptions, a capacity to be nonjudgmental, and a tolerance for ambiguity (p. 288). The sensitive nature of personnel issues requires thoughtful action and the intercultural dimension in the case study highlights the need for careful message planning and delivery.Senior management needs to convey a clear message of non-discrimination to both the strategy director and everyone else in the business unit without sending signals that authoritaria n management volition be rewarded. ORourke (2010) suggests that effective managers deliver purposeful messages in ways that fulfill an organizations mission. Managers who forefend dealing with or ignore personnel concerns about discrimination can foment misunderstanding(a) and create conditions ripe for otherwise unwarranted charges.A senior manager would be in the best position to communicate the divisions strategic vision while addressing the strategy directors shortcomings and the units morale in a positive way. Newly assigned to the Hospital Supply Division, the senior manager also has a unique opportunity to change by reversal a mentor to strategy director by listening to her concerns about fairness and helping her to make adjustments to her communication approach that will improve her standing with colleagues, subordinates, as well as senior management.Most of the face-to-face communication between the senior manager and strategy director will involve nonverbal cues that wi ll influence long-term morale for co-workers, too. Segal (2009) indicates that critical nonverbal cues often determine whether or not a communication partner is listening, understanding the message, or cares. whatsoever of the most important nonverbal cues include tone of voice, gaze, body position, and concentration that become significant in conversations and determine the way we talk, listen, look, move, and react. She also points out that make stress management and emotional awareness skills improve nonverbal communication and demonstrate emotional intelligence (para. 10, 14). It cannot be overstated that the senior manager will need to be an exemplary communicator with empathy for team members because mistrust and misunderstanding lie at the center of the current problems in the division. Ongoing discontent could undermine sustainability and declining morale could drive away otherwise effective workers if the situation is mishandled.However, morale should quickly improve in t he division with actions that reinforce the companys commitment to attracting and sustaining quality personnel while providing a clear path for the strategy director to meet her career goals. Colleagues and subordinates will be more inclined to respect the strategy director if they witness her transformation to embrace a more collaborative communication style. In addition, management will need to be more disposed(p) to acknowledge the strategy directors role in the teams continued success. With appropriate action, Oak Brook Medical Systems Hospital Supply Division will be in a strong position to retain quality personnel who can provide customers significant care.ReferencesORourke, J. (2010). Management Communications A Case-Analysis Approach (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson/Prentice Hall. Segal, J. (2009). EQ tool 3 The pulley Improving nonverbal communication. Retrieved from communicate posted to EQ Emotional Intelligence Central, archived at http//www. emotionalintelli gencecentral. org/eq/nonverbal_communication. html

Ramadan

In the article Young Saudis Reinvent Ramadan, the author highlights some issues mired in the celebration of Ramadan, or the month meant for fasting. In most places, particularly in the rich country of Saudi, young and old turn night into twenty-four hours to be able to eat, watch and do other things, while spending the day sleeping. Even some services are available until dawn. These practices are extremely contradictory to the real essence of Ramadan, which is to sacrifice by fasting during the day in order to atone for past sins and be reborn after the month is over.Sleeping during the day undermines the value of sacrifice since those who do this are free to indulge during the night. The government and its people have practiced Ramadan for a long cartridge clip but the practice had been superficial, as pointed out by the author. Another issue that the author highlights is how many Saudis have taken a new look at the puritanical approach to Islam after the fateful 911 attack. Ma ny Saudis have now realized that extremism does not necessarily mean you are doing things for God.The students and young people exposit in the article are modernist because they chose to return to the real essence of Islam, which is making God the center of everything. modernism makes God the center of the universe and the ultimate authority. Modernism is also about making the religious practice adapt to the times. They used their belief to apply to the modern world by helping to alleviate pull down for a while the needs of the people around them.They did not eliminate God from the center, instead, they refocused and found new meaning. The article as a whole speaks of look forward to and better understanding spreading among the youths of Saudi. They saw the excesses of the population during Ramadan and want to take a lead in reviving the real spirit of fasting. By bragging(a) to the poor, the young Saudi persons hope that the rest of the population would follow and remain true to the spirit of Ramadan.

Impact of video games on children Essay

Video games have been available to consumers for the last 30 years. They be a unique form of entertainment, because they encourage players to become a part of the games script. Todays sophisticated video games require players to pay unvarying attention to the game, rather than passively watching a movie. This has both positive and negative impacts on players. Several studies have been published that explore these impacts on straightaways children. Most people this day and age grow up with technology.But now days what people see in the media ab surface children world obese or not social. The media and physical fitness experts always express, the youth this day never go out and play and get about 60 minutes of play a day. This means exercise. I for one think video games isnt the problem. With children being overweight, video games arent always filled with regals, there are games that teach you to work as a team with someone youve never meet. Even learning sportsmanship which I b elieve should be wise(p) at a young age.Because facing the realities that you cant always win there are going to be some people that are better and that you should encourage yourself to become better not just at video games life in general. Within the media they say kids need to go out and play. I think thats true so what they need to do now a days with games is make it so kids get tired of the games afterwards a while. That way they should try to lean toward making children fateing to go outside. When I was growing up in the 1980s video games where just starting line to catch on.All the kids had to have the latest games or Gameboys ext. I remember we would try to find ways to make our parents let use stay interior and play. I believe it hindered me once I got older and wanted to play sports. I was so out of shape then it all came back to me I was hardly active when I was younger. Right now Approximately 17% (or 12. 5 million) of children and adolescents aged 219 years are obes e. The studies show by kids not eating healthy or even from going outside to play. There are just so many reasons why children are so badly obese.I jockey video games is one of the biggest reason for are youth to being so heavy. Kids rather stay wrong being on their video game consoles. I know its crazy to say but I believe that it has to do with the area kids are raised. Lets say you are in a bad neighborhood. Where you know its not safe to be outside I know I would want my child to stay indoors so I know that he or she is safe. But I know my child would want to be entertained lots of people know young kids lose their interest in things after time. Which is understandable.